Pronouns

Pronouns are optional

Personal pronouns

Person	Form	Meaning
1sg	ma	I
2sg	ca	you (sg)
3sg	sa	he / she
1pl	man	we
2pl	can	you (pl)
3pl	san	they

If the verb or noun ending already marks person, drop the pronoun. Use pronouns for emphasis or contrast. Examples: • Kalam. — I walk. (no pronoun; -m marks 1SG) • Ma kalam. — I walk. (emphasis: I, not someone else) • Tomom. — my house • Ma tomom. — my house (emphasized possession)

Demonstratives

Form	Meaning	Note
ita	this	near
ata	that	far
itan	these	near plural
atan	those	far plural

Possession

Possession is marked on the noun with dual-shaped endings: tomo-m (my house), tomo-c (your house), tomo-j (his/her house)… After a consonant: hop-um, hop-uc, hop-uj… Pronouns stay optional when the ending is clear.

Person	Possessive	Example
1SG	-m / -um\|-im	tomom
2SG	-c / -uc\|-ic	tomoc
3SG	-j / -uj\|-ij	tomoj
1PL	-min / -umin\|-imin	tomomin
2PL	-cin / -ucin\|-icin	tomocin
3PL	-jin / -ujin\|-ijin	tomojin

Relative pronouns

Form	Meaning
kiu	who / that
kio	which / that
kie	where

Kalam.

I walk. (no pronoun — -m marks 1SG)

Ma kalam, ca kalac.

I walk, you walk. (contrast)

Tomom granda.

My house is big.

Hopum kogranda.

My tent is small.

hop-um (C-stem + back)

Ita kita bona.

This book is good.

Kiu venad?

Who came?

Homa kiu labora gaja.

The person who works is glad.